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Background on Hypothalamic Function 

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Neuortransmitterers are chemicals that relay messages between nerve cells. There are two main types of neurotransmitters: Excitatory and Inhibitory. Serotonin can be both.

Excitatory neurotransmitters and their receptors increase the neuron's internal electrical activity and excitability. This increases the likelihood that a neuron will relay an incoming signal. (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate and phenylethylamine (PEA) are excitatory)

In contrast, inhibitory neurotransmitters and their receptors reduce neuronal excitability and increase the likelihood that an incoming signal will be terminated. For optimal functioning, the brain must balance the excitatory and inhibitory influences: Excessive excitation can lead to seizures, insomnia, anxiety, and many other clinical conditions, whereas excessive neuronal inhibition can result in incoordination, sedation, and anesthesia. (Serotonin, GABA, taurine and glycine are inhibitory)

Maintaining the proper balance between the excitatory and the inhibitory neurotransmitter systems is vital to implementing a successful neurotransmitter program.

There is an emerging paradigm for maximizing health and well-being in a three-phase program of testing and amino acids using specialized formulas to build neurotransmitters, along with vitamin and mineral co-factors, to balance neurotransmitter synthesis. This paradigm is a marked advance in primary care medicine in that it defines "health" in terms of a physiological hierarchy - rather than as an absence of manifest pathology.

Optimizing neurotransmission by optimizing neurotransmitter levels can lead to several desirable outcomes in primary medicine. Laboratory data in conjunction with clinical outcomes finds that many of the symptoms experienced by the chronically ill have neurotransmitter imbalance as a common link. Correcting the neurotransmitter imbalances by optimizing levels with neurotransmitter precursors improves the overall signaling within the neurons and results in systemic improvement of symptoms.

Specific Neurotransmitter Info:

Norepinephrine :
Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter synthesized by the amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, along with vitamins B6, C, niacin and others. It controls the release of endocrine hormones which regulate sex and metabolism. Norepinephrine is also involved in sleep patterns, learning and memory.

Dopamine :
Like norepinephrine, dopamine is a neurotransmitter synthesized from the amino acids L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. It stimulates the pituitary gland to produce a hormone which burns fat and builds muscle. Depression has been linked to low levels of dopamine while schizophrenia has been linked to excess levels.

Serotonin :
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized from L-tryptophan, and is a pre-cursor to the hormone melatonin. Serotonin plays a major role in regulating sleep, blood clotting, and alleviating depression. Many anti-depressant medications, such as Prozac, Paxil and Effexor, affect serotonin levels.

Acetylcholine :
A neurotransmitter synthesized in the body by choline, lecithin, DMAE and vitamin co-factors such as C and B6. It is important in the role of behavior and memory; low levels of acetylcholine may result in forgetfulness. It is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the body and controls the release of the hormone vasopressin.

Frequency of neurotransmitter depletion
Evaluations of neurotransmitter levels has revealed that approximately 84% of the population has some degree of neurotransmitter deficiency or imbalance. Consider the following incidence of neurotransmitter-related disorders in the US: Depression, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Hypertension, Fibromyalgia, Migraine, Obesity/Appetite Control, PMS. Many apparently dissimilar diseases have common components of an underlying neurotransmitter deficiency and are addressed with similar therapies.

The blood-brain barrier
A curtain of blood known as the blood-brain barrier surrounds the brain. Neurotransmitters are fat-soluble and do not cross the blood-brain barrier. When given to a patient orally or by IV they will do nothing to increase neurotransmitters at the site of the problem in the brain. Neurotransmitters are produced on-site in the neurons of the brain from their amino acid precursors which can readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Sufficient amino acids plus vitamin and mineral cofactors must be present to produce sufficient neurotransmitters.

What causes neurotransmitter disorders?
Low neurotransmitter levels are unable to simultaneously engage enough of the postsynaptic receptor sites causing the postsynaptic nerve to fire ineffectively or not at all. This can be the result of prolonged stress, genetic predisposition, and diets low in the amino acids from which amine neurotransmitters are made. A number of antidepressant drugs, while temporarily increasing synaptic neurotransmitter levels, can cause an overall depletion of the vesicle pool available for secretion.

Lowered numbers of postsynaptic receptors. The postsynaptic neuron fires when sufficient numbers of its receptors are engaged by the neurotransmitters. If the number of receptors is low, higher levels of the neurotransmitters are required to cause the neuron to fire and relay a signal. Neurotoxic substances like heavy metals, pesticides, illicit amphetamines, and some prescription drugs can cause permanent damage to the nervous system by reducing the number of healthy active receptors.

High levels of catecholomine neurotransmitters will cause an excited firing or the post synaptic neuron. There are many disorders now connected to excess production and excretion of neurotransmitters including hyperactivity and anxiety syndromes such as ADD/ADHD, OCD and others.

Neurotransmitter Info provided by Neuroscience™